The six tastes and some major foods within each category:

Sweet:
Most grains like wheat, rice, barley, corn, etc.     
Milk and sweet milk products like ghee, cream, butter
Sweet fruits like coconuts, dates, figs, grapes, pears, mangoes and especially dried fruits
Cooked vegetables like potato, sweet potato, carrot, beet root, cauliflower, string beans
Sugar in any form-raw, refined, brown, white, molasses, sugar cane juice, etc.

Sour:
Sour fruits like lemons, limes, oranges, pineapples, passion fruit, cherries, plums
Sour milk products like yogurt, cheese, whey, sour cream, etc.
Fermented substances like wine, vinegar, soy sauce, cabbage
Carbonated beverages

Salty:
Any kind of salt like rock salt, sea salt, salt from the ground
Any food to which salt has been added (pickles, nuts, chips)

Pungent:
Hot spices like chilies, black pepper, mustard seeds, ginger, cumin, cloves, cardamom, garlic, etc.
Mild spices like turmeric, anise, cinnamon, and “fresh” herbs like oregano, thyme, mint, etc.
Raw vegetables like radish, onion, cauliflower

Bitter:
Fruits like olive, grapefruit
Green leafy vegetables like spinach, green cabbage, brussel sprouts
Spices like fenugreek, turmeric

Astringent: (drying)
Turmeric, honey (do not heat hotter than lukewarm water), walnuts, hazelnuts, cashews
Pulses (legumes) i.e. beans, lentils, peas, (dahl)
Vegetables like sprouts, lettuce, green leafy vegetables, most raw vegetables
Fruits like pomegranate, berries, persimmon, lemon, cranberry, most unripe fruits